Unit+7+East+Asia+Under+Challenge

=**** Under Challenge ****=

===**** #1 Do you like change? Why do you think many people are resistant to change? ****===

=
I like change, to an extent. As our society revolves, things can advance because of change. I think many people are against change, because, they are so set in there own ways, and so used to the way things have always been.=====

==**** Causes of Decline, The Tai Ping Rebellion, Efforts at Reform, The Advance of Imperialism, Opening the Door to China, ****==

**** REVOLUTION IN CHINA ****
===**** Have you ever read any books about China? What are some customs or traditions in China? How are they the same or different from your family’s customs or traditions? ****===

=
I haven't read any books about China. They sit on pillows, with shoes off, and eat with chopsticks. Their own allowed to have one child, and they really want only boys. Men are very important in Chinese culture, so that they can carry on their family name. They pronounce their last name first.=====

===**** The coming of Westerners dramatically affected China. List three ways that the Chinese economy was affected by Westerners. Also list three ways that the West influenced Chinese culture. ****===

==**** The Fall of the Qing, An Era of Civil War, Chinese Society in Transition, China’s Changing Culture ****==

**** RISE OF MODERN JAPAN ****
===**** What is the first thing that comes to mind when you hear the word “Japanese”? Do you think first of Japanese products, such as cars? Or do you think first of events in Japanese history, such as World War II? ****===

===**** Under the Meiji Constitution of 1889, the Japanese government was divided into an executive branch and a legislative branch. Describe the structure of these two branches of government and how officials in each branch were appointed or elected. Circle the branch of government that had the most authority. ****===

==**** An End to Isolation, Resistance to the New Order, The Meiji Restoration,Joining the Imperialist Nations, Culture in an Era of Transition ****==

**TERMS:**
====Spheres of Influence- is an area or region over which a state or organization has significant cultural, economic, military or political influence.====

====[]====
 * ====term is also used to describe non-political situations====
 * ====in [|World War II], the [|Japanese Empire] had quite a large sphere of influence====
 * ====sphere of influence which designates the geographical area where it dominates the [|retail trade] ====

Extraterritorially- denoting the freedom of an ambassador or other embassy staff fromthe jurisdiction of the territory of residence

[]

 Indemnity- security or protection against a loss or other financial burden
 * most well-known cases of historical extraterritoriality concerned [|European] nationals in 19th century [|China] and [|Japan] under the so-called [|unequal treaties].
 * Japan later claimed extraterritorial privileges elsewhere in Asia.
 * [|Shanghai] in particular became a major center of foreign activity, as it contained two extraterritorial zones, the //[|International Settlement]// and the //[|French Concession]//.

[]


 * an indemnity is a sub-species of compensation
 * [|England and Wales] an "indemnity" monetary award may form part of [|rescission] during an action of __[|Restitutio in integrum]__
 * [|contract] before [|rescission] is voidable but not void, meaning that, for a period of time, there is a legal [|contract]

Boxers Rebellion- as an [|anti-imperialism],[|anti-Christian] movement by the "[|Righteous Harmony Society]"

[]


 * was a secret society founded in [|Shandong], located in the North province of China
 * believed that they could, through training, diet, martial arts and prayer, perform extraordinary feats, such as flight, and could become immune to swords and bullets
 * Boxer slogan became “support the Qing, destroy the Foreign."

 Open Door Policy- is a concept in foreign affairs

[]


 * Open Door is generally associated with [|China], it was recognized at the [|Berlin Conference] of 1885
 * partition of China by the [|European] powers and [|Japan] seemed imminent, the United States felt its commercial interests in China threatened
 * the US sent notes to major powers ([|France], [|Germany], the [|United Kingdom], [|Italy], Japan, and [|Russia]), asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the [|treaty ports] within their [|spheres of influence]in Russia.
 * The open door policy stated that all European nations, and the United States, could trade with China.


 * QUESTIONS:**

To improve their balance of trade with China, the British sold the Chinese...[] **opium. tea. silk.**


 * first item that tended to sell in China was Spanish __[|bullion]__
 * American export to China was [|ginseng]
 * Chinese mandarins’ desire for bullion, ginseng, and furs was the primary impetus for America’s initiation of trade with China
 * American traders began to focus their funds on acquiring Chinese goods—a practice that the Chinese were more willing to adopt
 * resulted was the flooding of Chinese [|teas], [|cottons], [|silks], [|rhubarb], [|cassia], [|nankeens] (durable, yellow cloth), [|floor-matting], [|lacquerware],[|fans],[|furniture], and [|porcelains], into America, to the extent that even those of poor social classes possessed some Chinese items

 As a result of China losing the first Opium War to Britain...[] **was forced to open its five ports to foreign countries** **allowed the British to resume the drug trafficking within China. It also paved the way for the opening of the lucrative Chinese market and Chinese society to missionary endeavors.**


 * Qing authorities also insisted that British merchants not be allowed to trade unless they signed a bond, under penalty of death, promising not to smuggle opium
 * war was denounced in Parliament as //unjust and iniquitous// by young __[|William Ewart Gladstone]__
 * Charles Elliot ordered the British community to withdraw from Canton and prohibited trade with the Chinese
 * the man the [|Manchu] [|Daoguang] emperor assigned to suppress the opium trade
 * he was made a scapegoat for the actions leading to British retaliation, and was blamed for ultimately failing to stem the tide of opium import and use in China

In the Treaty of Tianjin after the second Opium War, China agreed to...[]


 * 1) **China's recognition of the validity of the Treaty of Tianjin**
 * 2) **Opening Tianjin as a trade port**
 * 3) **Cede No.1 District of** [|**Kowloon**] **(south of present day** [|**Boundary Street**]**) to Britain**
 * 4) **Freedom of religion established in China**
 * 5) **British ships were allowed to carry indentured Chinese to the Americas**
 * 6) **Indemnity to Britain and France increasing to 8 million taels of silver a piece**
 * 7) **Legalization of the opium trade**
 * "Second Opium War" refers to one of the British's strategic objectives: legalizing the opium trade, expanding [|coolie] trade, opening all of China to British merchants, and exempting foreign imports from internal transit duties
 * Qing government was in no position to resist the West militarily. This came to be known as the [|//Arrow// Incident].[|[][|3]]
 * part of the war ended with the 4 [|Treaties of Tientsin], to which Britain, France, Russia, and the [|United States] were parties. These treaties opened eleven more ports to Western trade
 * Russians were all granted a permanent diplomatic presence in [|Beijing] (something the Qing resisted to the very end as it suggested equality between China and the European powers).
 * pium trade was legalized and [|Christians] were granted full [|civil rights], including the [|right to own property], and the right to [|evangelize].

The Qing dynasty’s “self strengthening” reforms included... [] **attempted to adapt Western institutions and military innovations to Chinese needs**


 * To make peace with the Western powers in China, [|Prince Gong] was made regent, [|grand councilor], and head of the newly formed [|Zongli Yamen] (Office of Foreign Affairs)
 * majority of the ruling elite subscribed to a more conservative view; namely, in order to strengthen China against the West,
 * China had merely to learn from the West its techniques of manufacturing ships and guns, and the scientific knowledge behind that military technology
 * It was believed that the intelligence and wisdom of the Chinese was superior to those of Western "barbarians", and thus China would first learn from foreigners, then equal them, and finally surpass them.
 * was split up into three phases

The Qing dynasty was weakened by...[]
 * Internal rebellions inside China**
 * There was an uneven distribution of wealt h
 * There was a Political decline at court
 * As these taxes inspired rebellion, the quelling of these rebellions by military force required more taxes
 *  greatest threat to the Ming, however, were the Manchus in the north


 *  The [|Imperial Household Department] was unique to the Qing dynasty

**TERMS**
Sun Yat-sen- [|Chinese] [|revolutionary] and [|political] leader

[]


 * frequently referred to as the [|Father of the Nation].
 * his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent [|exile].
 * Sun played an instrumental role in overthrowing the[|Qing Dynasty] in October 1911, the last imperial dynasty of China.

Provincial- of or concerning a province of a country or empire

[]


 * re cities lesser in rank than [|direct-controlled municipalities] of the __[|Republic of China]__
 * They are governed by provinces directly and are one level above the most basic [|county-controlled cities]
 * A sub-provincial city, similar to a [|prefecture-level city], is not "city" in the usual sense of the term

 Guomindang- is a [|political party] of the [|Republic of Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guomindang]


 * is the founding and the [|ruling political party] of the ROC
 * oldest political party in the Republic of China
 * Kuomintang traces its ideological and organizational roots to the work of Dr. [|Sun Yat-sen], a proponent of [|Chinese nationalism]

Qing- was the last ruling [|dynasty] of [|Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing]


 * Qing Dynasty became highly integrated with [|Chinese culture].
 * Qing Dynasty was overthrown following the [|Xinhai Revolution]
 * Manchu rulers used [|literary inquisition] to silence opposition

Revolutionary Alliance- was a secret society and underground resistance movement organized by Sun Yat-sen and Song Jiaoren

[]


 * new alliance was created through the unification of Sun's Xingzhonghui, or Revive China Society, the Guangfuhui, or Restoration Society, and other Chinese revolutionary groups
 * political platform was "To expel the northern barbarians and to revive Zhonghua, to establish a republic, and to distribute land equally among the people."
 * After the establishment of the Republic of China, the Tongmenghui formed, in August 1912

QUESTIONS:


 * 1) The coming of Westerners changed the Chinese economy by integrating the Chinese market into the world economy.
 * 2) Yuan tried to rule China without understanding the influence of new Western ideas.
 * 3) When the Nationalists’ rebellion failed, Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan.
 * 4) When General Yuan Shigai died in 1916, civil war erupted.
 * 5) By 1925, many urban, middle-class Chinese people embraced Western art and literature.


 * TERMS

1. Daimyo 2. Port Arthur 3. Commodore Perry 4. Prefectures 5. Concessions

QUESTIONS**
 * 1) The Meiji Restoration was responsible for?
 * 2) The Meiji reformers created a new imperial army in 1871, based on
 * 3) Describe the Meiji education system
 * 4) The Meiji Restoration developed Japanese interest in
 * 5) The 1904 war between Russia and Japan resulted in